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Table 2 Bleeding risk factors in elderly patients with AF undergoing PCI

From: Bleeding risk factors and real-world antithrombotic therapies in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective study

Variables

With bleeding events

(n = 41)

Without bleeding events

(n = 93)

Univariate

analysis

 

Multivariate analysis

(stepwise selection method)

p-value

 

OR (95% CI)

p-value

 

n (%)

n (%)

    

Age > 80 years

17

(41.5)

21

(22.6)

0.025a)*

 

2.536 (1.099–5.853)

0.029*

Sex, male

32

(78.0)

79

(84.9)

0.329a)

   

Body mass index < 20 (kg/m2)

11

(26.8)

15

(16.1)

0.149a)

   

Smoking history

30

(73.2)

53

(57.0)

0.075a)

   

Alcohol consumption history

18

(45.0)

44

(47.3)

0.806a)

   

Systolic BP ≥ 140 (mmHg)

6

(14.6)

21

(22.6)

0.291a)

   

Diastolic BP ≥ 90 (mmHg)

4

(9.8)

7

(7.5)

0.736b)

   

History of surgery

12

(29.3)

10

(10.8)

0.008a)*

 

3.031 (1.141–8.055)

0.026*

History of bleeding

10

(24.4)

9

(9.7)

0.024a)

   

History of CABG

3

(7.3)

3

(3.2)

0.370b)

   

Concomitant disease

or medical history

        

 Hypertension

35

(85.4)

66

(71.0)

0.075a)

   

 Dyslipidemia

26

(63.4)

45

(48.4)

0.156a)

   

 Diabetes mellitus

15

(36.6)

31

(33.3)

0.715a)

   

 Cerebral infarction

7

(17.1)

18

(19.4)

0.755a)

   

 Myocardial infection

5

(12.2)

11

(11.8)

1.000b)

   

 Heart failure

19

(46.3)

36

(38.7)

0.408a)

   

 Malignancy

10

(24.4)

15

(16.1)

0.258a)

   

 Dialysis

2

(4.9)

3

(3.2)

0.642b)

   

 Liver disease

3

(7.3)

5

(5.4)

0.700b)

   

 Anemia

14

(34.1)

16

(17.2)

0.030a)*

   

 Gastrointestinal disease

13

(31.7)

17

(18.3)

0.086a)

   

 Peripheral arterial disease

5

(12.2)

11

(11.8)

1.000b)

   

PCI profile

        

 Number of target lesions ≥ 2

15

(36.6)

33

(35.5)

0.902a)

   

 Lesion site

    

0.866b)

   

  RCA

10

(24.4)

21

(22.6)

    

  LMT

1

(2.4)

4

(4.3)

    

  LAD

22

(53.7)

54

(58.1)

    

  LCX

8

(19.5)

14

(15.1)

    

  Chronic total occlusion

11

(26.8)

22

(23.7)

0.694a)

   

  Multivessel disease

28

(68.3)

41

(44.1)

0.010a)*

 

2.761 (1.223–6.231)

0.014*

  Stent type

    

0.418a)

   

  BMS

9

(22.0)

15

(16.1)

    

  DES

32

(78.0)

78

(83.9)

    

  Clinical presentation

    

0.306a)

   

  ACS

22

(53.7)

41

(44.1)

    

  stable CAD

19

(46.3)

52

(55.9)

    

 Laboratory data

        

  Albumin < 3.5 (g/dL)

14

(34.1)

29

(31.2)

0.735a)

   

  White blood cell ≥ 10,000 (/µL)

9

(22.0)

10

(10.8)

0.087a)

   

  Hemoglobin < 11 (g/dL)

9

(22.0)

15

(16.1)

0.418a)

   

  Platelet < 10 (104/µL)

2

(4.9)

1

(1.1)

0.222b)

   

  AST > 50 (U/L)

13

(31.7)

19

(20.4)

0.158a)

   

  ALT > 50 (U/L)

6

(14.6)

13

(14.0)

0.920a)

   

  eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

    

0.086a)

   

  < 30

6

(14.6)

4

(4.3)

    

  30–45

7

(17.1)

13

(14.0)

    

  > 45

28

(68.3)

76

(81.7)

    

 CrCl (mL/min)

    

0.124a)

   

  < 30

8

(19.5)

7

(7.5)

    

  30–50

13

(31.7)

36

(38.7)

    

  > 50

20

(48.8)

50

(53.8)

    

  Creatinine kinase > 230 (IU/L)

8

(20.0)

23

(24.7)

0.554a)

   

  C-reactive protein > 0.3 (mg/L)

21

(56.8)

40

(50.0)

0.496a)

   

  BNP ≥ 100 (pg/mL)

28

(73.7)

65

(74.7)

0.904a)

   

  PT-INR ≥ 1.6

4

(10.3)

9

(10.8)

1.000b)

   

  HbA1c ≥ 6.5 (NGSP %)

13

(34.2)

15

(22.4)

0.188a)

   

  HDL-cho < 40 (mg/dL)

9

(23.7)

15

(18.1)

0.472a)

   

  LDL-cho ≥ 120 (mg/dL)

7

(18.9)

21

(26.3)

0.387a)

   

  Triglyceride ≥ 150 (mg/dL)

6

(15.8)

10

(12.5)

0.626a)

   

  EF < 40 (%)

9

(23.1)

21

(23.1)

1.000a)

   
  1. † Logistic regression model including multivessel disease, history of surgery, history of bleeding, age, and anemia (p < 0.05 in univariate analysis)
  2. * p < 0.05, (a) Chi–squared test, (b) Fisher’s exact test
  3. OR, odds ratio = Exp (β); CI, confidence interval; BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; LMT, left main trunk; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX, left circumflex coronary artery; BMS, bare metal stent; DES, drug eluting stent; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; stable CAD, stable coronary artery diseases; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CrCl, creatinine clearance; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; PT-INR, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; NGSP, national glycohemoglobin standardization program; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; EF, left ventricular ejection fraction