Table 2 Comparison of hospital functions and pharmacist operations (all facilities)

Number of pharmacists

1

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.05

2–4

7 (3.3%)

81 (33.1%)

5–9

89 (42.4%)

117 (47.8%)

10–19

99 (47.1%)

42 (17.1%)

≥20

15 (7.1%)

5 (2.0%)

Introduction of the DPC system

DPC hospital

174 (82.9%)

105 (42.9%)

< 0.05

DPC preparatory hospital

5 (2.4%)

20 (8.2%)

Non-DPC hospital

30 (14.3%)

115 (46.9%)

NA

1 (0.5%)

5 (2.0%)

Types of medical institutions

General hospitals

199 (94.8%)

217 (88.6%)

0.0518

Care-mix^a

10 (4.8%)

23 (9.4%)

NA

1 (0.5%)

5 (2.0%)

Pharmaceutical management and guidance to inpatients

Fairly well

118 (56.2%)

131 (53.5%)

0.1700

Often

59 (28.1%)

65 (26.5%)

Sometimes

27 (12.9%)

38 (15.5%)

Not implemented

0 (0.0%)

6 (2.4%)

NA

6 (2.9%)

5 (2.0%)

Pharmaceutical management and guidance to pre-hospitalization patients

Fairly well

61 (29.0%)

88 (35.9%)

< 0.05

Often

39 (18.6%)

32 (13.1%)

Sometimes

62 (29.5%)

54 (22.0%)

Not implemented

41 (19.5%)

66 (26.9%)

NA

7 (3.3%)

5 (2.0%)

Pharmaceutical management and guidance to outpatients

Fairly well

28 (13.3%)

23 (9.4%)

< 0.05

Often

28 (13.3%)

19 (7.8%)

Sometimes

103 (49.0%)

117 (47.8%)

Not implemented

42 (20.0%)

80 (32.7%)

NA

9 (4.3%)

6 (2.4%)

Dispensing for inpatients (internal and external drugs)

Fairly well

168 (80.0%)

203 (82.9%)

0.0715

Often

22 (10.5%)

33 (13.5%)

Sometimes

10 (4.8%)

5 (2.0%)

NA

10 (4.8%)

4 (1.6%)

Dispensing for inpatients (injection drugs)

Fairly well

154 (73.3%)

183 (74.7%)

0.4580

Often

35 (16.7%)

32 (13.1%)

Sometimes

13 (6.2%)

19 (7.8%)

Not implemented

0 (0.0%)

3 (1.2%)

NA

8 (3.8%)

8 (3.3%)

Dispensing and management guidance for outpatients (internal, external, and injection drugs)

Fairly well

49 (23.3%)

63 (25.7%)

0.6859

Often

28 (13.3%)

21 (8.6%)

Sometimes

119 (56.7%)

134 (54.7%)

Not implemented

1 (0.5%)

19 (7.8%)

NA

13 (6.2%)

8 (3.3%)

Sterile drug processing of injection drugs for inpatients

Fairly well

67 (31.9%)

50 (20.4%)

< 0.05

Often

51 (24.3%)

34 (13.9%)

Sometimes

71 (33.8%)

79 (32.2%)

Not implemented

13 (6.2%)

76 (31.0%)

NA

8 (3.8%)

6 (2.4%)

Sterile drug processing of injection drugs for outpatients

Fairly well

63 (30.0%)

39 (15.9%)

< 0.05

Often

37 (17.6%)

21 (8.6%)

Sometimes

65 (31.0%)

76 (31.0%)

Not implemented

37 (17.6%)

102 (41.6%)

NA

8 (3.8%)

7 (2.9%)

Drug information management

Fairly well

78 (37.1%)

87 (35.5%)

0.6859

Often

66 (31.4%)

88 (35.9%)

Sometimes

57 (27.1%)

63 (25.7%)

NA

9 (4.3%)

7 (2.9%)

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Fairly well

31 (14.8%)

22 (9.0%)

< 0.05

Often

47 (22.4%)

27 (11.0%)

Sometimes

106 (50.5%)

128 (52.2%)

Not implemented

18 (8.6%)

61 (24.9%)

NA

8 (3.8%)

7 (2.9%)

Participation in cross-hospital medical teams (e.g., infection control team, antimicrobial stewardship team, and nutrition support team)

Fairly well

82 (39.0%)

73 (29.8%)

< 0.05

Often

63 (30.0%)

79 (32.2%)

Sometimes

51 (24.3%)

79 (32.2%)

Not implemented

0 (0.0%)

4 (1.6%)

NA

14 (6.7%)

10 (4.1%)

Education (includes pharmacy student education) and Research

Fairly well

40 (19.0%)

22 (9.0%)

< 0.05

Often

40 (19.0%)

32 (13.1%)

Sometimes

77 (36.7%)

65 (26.5%)

Not implemented

45 (21.4%)

113 (46.1%)

NA

8 (3.8%)

13 (5.3%)

Percentage of out-of-hospital prescriptions issued

≥80%

175 (83.3%)

182 (74.3%)

0.1369

60% to less than 80%

6 (2.9%)

6 (2.4%)

40% to less than 60%

2 (1.0%)

3 (1.2%)

< 40%

22 (10.5%)

45 (18.4%)

NA

5 (2.4%)

9 (3.7%)