Table 5 Respondents’ various antibiotic stewardship program implementation practices
Variable | n | % |
|---|---|---|
Top three interventions (N = 45)* | ||
Adherence to guidelines and clinical pathways | 12 | 26.7 |
Dose optimization | 10 | 22.2 |
Parenteral to oral conversion | 7 | 15.6 |
Antimicrobial order forms | 6 | 13.3 |
Education | 6 | 13.3 |
Streamline or de-escalation therapy | 4 | 8.9 |
Closed formulary | 0 | 0.0 |
Communication of prescribing and antimicrobial use feedback (N = 28)* | ||
Staff meetings | 8 | 28.6 |
Clinical meetings (e.g., morbidity and mortality) | 8 | 28.6 |
Special feedback session | 6 | 21.4 |
Booklet | 4 | 14.3 |
Other (Please specify) 1: WhatsApp group | 1 | 3.6 |
Other (Please specify) 2: written report | 1 | 3.6 |
Newsletter | 0 | 0.0 |
Frequency of feedback sessions on antibiotic prescribing and use (N = 15) | ||
Monthly | 10 | 66.7 |
Quarterly | 5 | 33.3 |
Twice a year | 0 | 0.0 |
Once a year | 0 | 0.0 |
Measuring the effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship programs (N = 22)* | ||
Antimicrobial resistance | 9 | 40.9 |
Antimicrobial expenditure | 8 | 36.4 |
Frequency of medical officers’ acceptance of AMS recommendations | 5 | 22.7 |
Format for remote specialized support to remote resource-limited hospitals (N = 20)* | ||
Regular personal support visits by infectious disease physician | 10 | 50.0 |
Off-line smart-phone applications (Apps) | 4 | 20.0 |
Telephone remote support | 3 | 15.0 |
Tele-conferencing | 3 | 15.0 |
Additional training need(N = 13) | ||
Yes | 11 | 84.6 |
No | 1 | 7.7 |
Not sure | 1 | 7.7 |
Learning areas (N = 32)* | ||
General antimicrobial principles | 8 | 25.0 |
Microbiological and laboratory data | 7 | 21.9 |
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics effects on antimicrobial stewardship | 7 | 21.9 |
Role of a pharmacist in antimicrobial stewardship | 6 | 18.8 |
Approaches used in antimicrobial stewardship | 4 | 12.5 |
Format of additional training do you prefer (N = 27)* | ||
In-service training | 7 | 25.9 |
Workshop | 6 | 22.2 |
Off-site short course | 5 | 18.5 |
Postgraduate diploma | 5 | 18.5 |
Postgraduate certificate | 4 | 14.8 |
Training sessions on antibiotic stewardship be assessed (N = 21)* | ||
Pre- and post-training test | 9 | 42.9 |
Case scenarios | 7 | 33.3 |
Role-play simulation | 3 | 14.3 |
Post-training quiz | 2 | 9.5 |
Mode of training on antibiotic stewardship (N = 19)* | ||
Face-to-face | 7 | 36.8 |
Short courses | 7 | 36.8 |
E-learning | 4 | 21.1 |
Written information provided | 1 | 5.3 |
Source of information on antibiotic stewardship over the last 12 months (N = 14) | ||
Internet website | 5 | 35.7 |
Smart-phone application (App) | 4 | 28.6 |
None of the above | 4 | 28.6 |
Other: National Department of Health guidelines | 1 | 7.1 |
University Library | 0 | 0.0 |
Social media | 0 | 0.0 |
Hospital healthcare workers to be involved in antibiotic stewardship education (N = 29)* | ||
Medical officers | 12 | 41.4 |
Nurses | 9 | 31.0 |
Laboratory technicians | 5 | 17.2 |
Administrators | 1 | 3.4 |
Information and records personnel | 1 | 3.4 |
Other (Please specify): Dentists | 1 | 3.4 |