Skip to main content

Table 1 Summary of clinical studies meeting the initial inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis

From: Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia

Study

No. of patients and treatment groups

Duration (weeks)

Ginkgo biloba dose (mg)

Age (y)

(mean

[SD])

Gender female (%)

Inclusion criteria

Endpoint

Baseline cognitive scale (mean [SD])

Jadad score

Herrschaft et al. [16]

Total: 402

EGb 761: 200 Placebo: 202

24

EGb 761: 240 once daily

Ginkgo: 65.1 (8.8)

Placebo: 64.9 (9.4)

Ginkgo: 139 (69.5) Placebo: 140 (69.3)

Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA Possible AD with cerebrovascular disorder by NINCDS-AIREN Probable VaD by NINCDS-AIREN SKT: 9–23 (moderate dementia), HAMD <20 (except for serious depression)

 

Ginkgo: 15.1 (4.1) Placebo: 15.3 (4.2)

4

Ihl et al. [17]

Total: 404

EGb 761: 202 Placebo: 202

24

EGb 761: 240 once daily

Ginkgo: 65.0 (10.0)

Placebo: 65.0 (9.0)

Ginkgo: 139 (69)

Placebo: 133 (66)

Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA Possible AD with cerebrovascular disorder by NINCDS-AIREN Probable VaD by NINCDS-AIREN SKT: 9–23 (mild–moderate dementia), MMSE: 14–25, ADAS-Cog: 17–35

 

Ginkgo: 16.7 (3.9) Placebo: 17.2 (3.7)

4

Ihl et al. [18]

Total: 404

EGb 761: 202

(AD 163, VaD 39)

Placebo: 202

(AD 170, VaD 32)

24

EGb 761: 240 once daily

AD:

Ginkgo: 64.9 (9.5)

Placebo: 64.2 (8.7)

VaD: 65.8 (10.0)

Placebo: 66.5 (10.7)

AD:

Ginkgo: 109 (66.9)

Placebo: 111 (65.3)

VaD: Ginkgo: 30 (76.9)

Placebo: 22 (68.8)

Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA Possible AD with cerebrovascular disorder by NINCDS-AIREN Probable VaD by NINCDS-AIREN SKT: 9–23 (mild–moderate dementia), MMSE: 14–25, ADAS-Cog: 17–35

SKT

AD:

Ginkgo: 16.4 (3.8) Placebo: 17.0 (3.8) VaD: Ginkgo: 17.8 (3.9) Placebo: 18.3 (3.4)

4

Napryeyenko et al. [19]

Total: 395

EGb 761: 198 Placebo: 197

22

EGb 761: 240 twice daily

Ginkgo: 65.0 (8.0)

Placebo: 63.0 (8.0)

Ginkgo: 143 (72)

Placebo: 142 (72)

Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA

Possible AD with cerebrovascular disorder by NINCDS-AIREN Probable VaD by NINCDS-AIREN SKT: 9–23 (mild–moderate dementia), MMSE: 14–25, ADAS-Cog: 17–35

 

Ginkgo: 15.6 (3.9) Placebo: 15.4 (3.7)

5

Napryeyenko et al. [20]

Total: 400

EGb 761: 200

(AD 106, VaD 94; Dropped, AD 2) Placebo: 200

(AD 112, VaD 88; Dropped, AD 2, VaD 1)

22

EGb 761:

240 twice daily

AD:

Ginkgo: 66.0 (8.0)

Placebo: 64.0 (8.0) VaD:

Ginkgo: 63.0 (8.0)

Placebo: 63.0 (9.0)

AD:

Ginkgo: 70 (67)

Placebo: 78 (71)

VaD:

Ginkgo: 73 (78)

Placebo: 64 (74)

Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA Possible AD with cerebrovascular disorder by NINCDS-AIREN Probable VaD by NINCDS-AIREN SKT: 9–23 (mild–moderate dementia), MMSE: 14–25, ADAS-Cog: 17–35

 

AD: Ginkgo: 16.4 (3.8) Placebo: 15.8 (3.8) VaD: Ginkgo: 14.8 (3.8) Placebo: 15.0 (3.6)

5

Mazza et al. [21]

Total: 51

EGb: 25 Placebo: 26

24

EGb:160

Ginkgo: 66.2 (6.0)

Placebo: 69.8 (3.0)

Ginkgo: 13 (52)

Placebo: 16 (61)

AD by DSM-IV SKT: 8–23, MMSE: 13–25, IQ >80, GDS <11 (except for serious depression)

 

Ginkgo: 16.45 (3.05) Placebo: 15.90 (3.86)

4

Kanowski et al. [22]

Total: 205

EGb 761: 106 Placebo: 99

AD: 158

EGb 761: 79 Placebo: 79

24

EGb 761: 240 twice daily

Ginkgo: 72.0 (10.0)

Placebo: 72.0 (10.0)

Ginkgo: 72 (68)

Placebo: 70 (71)

AD or multiinfarct dementia by DSM-III-R SKT: 6–18, MMSE: 13–25

 

Ginkgo: 10.5 (3.2) Placebo: 11.2 (3.3)

4

van Dongen et al. [23]

Total: 123

EGb 761 (240 mg): 39

EGb 761 (160 mg): 40 Placebo: 44

24

EGb 761:

240 (high dose) 160 (low dose)

Ginkgo: 82.6 (5.1)

Placebo: 82.5 (5.8)

Ginkgo: 68 (86)

Placebo: 36 (82)

AD, VaD, mixed type, memory disorder with aging, early dementia patients (comparatively slight dementia, if the effect of Ginkgo biloba is marked) by DSM-III-R, ICD-10 SKT: 8–23, GDS <11 (except for serious depression), IQ >80, MMSE: 9–26

 

Ginkgo: 15.6 (4.1) Placebo: 14.1 (4.6)

4

Maurer et al. [24]

Total: 18

EGb 761: 9 Placebo: 9

12

EGb 761: 240

Ginkgo: 68.5 (6.0)

Placebo: 60.6 (8.82)

Ginkgo: 5 (56) Placebo: 4 (44)

AD, probable AD by DSM-III-R, NINCDS-ADRDA

 

Ginkgo: 19.67 (6.31) Placebo: 18.11 (9.43)

4

Schneider et al. [25]

Total: 513

EGb 761 (240 mg): 170

EGb 761 (120 mg): 169 Placebo: 174

26

EGb 761:

240 120 twice daily

Ginkgo:

240 mg: 78.1 (7.0)

120 mg: 78.6 (7.0)

Placebo: 77.5 (7.4)

Ginkgo:

240 mg: 96 (56)

120 mg: 84 (50)

Placebo: 90 (52)

AD by DSM-IV Probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA MMSE: 10–24 (to prevent excess evaluation, ≥20 not included)

 

Ginkgo (240 mg): 24.8 (12.7) Ginkgo (120 mg): 24.7 (11.9) Placebo: 25.01 (11.1)

5

Le Bars et al. [26]

Total: 309

EGb: 155 Placebo: 154

26, 52

EGb: 120

Ginkgo: 69.0 (10.0)

Placebo: 69.0 (10.0)

Ginkgo: 79 (51)

Placebo: 87 (56)

Uncomplicated AD or multiinfarct dementia by DSM-III-R, ICD-10 AD MMSE: 9–26, GDS: 3–6

 

Ginkgo: 20.0 (16.0) Placebo: 20.5 (14.7)

3

Le Bars et al. [27]

Total: 309 (AD: 236)

EGb 761: 155 (AD: 120)

Placebo: 154 (AD: 116)

At 26-week endpoint:

EGb 761: 136 Placebo: 134

26

EGb 761: 120

All:

Ginkgo: 69.0 (10.0)

Placebo: 69.0 (10.0)

AD:

68.0 (10.0) Placebo: 68.0 (11.0)

All:

Ginkgo: 79 (51)

Placebo: 87 (56)

AD: 65 (54)

Placebo: 72 (62)

Uncomplicated AD or multiinfarct dementia by DSM-III-R, ICD-10 AD MMSE: 9–26, GDS: 3–6

ADAS- Cog

All: Ginkgo: 20.0 (16.0) Placebo: 20.5 (14.7) AD: Ginkgo: 19.7 (16.4) Placebo: 20.2 (15.2)

3

Le Bars et al. [28]

Total: 236

MMSE >23

EGb 761: 61 Placebo: 61

MMSE <24

EGb 761: 59 Placebo: 55

52

EGb 761:

120

MMSE >23:

Ginkgo: 64.0 (9.0) Placebo: 64.0 (11.0) MMSE <24:

Ginkgo: 73.0 (9.0)

Placebo: 72.0 (9.0)

MMSE >23:

Ginkgo: 34 (56)

Placebo: 38 (62)

MMSE <24:

Ginkgo: 31 (53)

Placebo: 34 (62)

Uncomplicated AD or multiinfarct dementia by DSM-III-R, ICD-10 AD MMSE: 9–26, GDS: 3–6

 

MMSE >23: Ginkgo: 9.0 (4.0) Placebo: 10.1 (4.9) MMSE <24: Ginkgo: 31.1 (17.0) Placebo: 31.9 (14)

3

  1. NINCDS-ADRDA: Diagnosis criteria by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA) working group. AIREN: Diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia by the Association Internationale pour la Recherche et 1’Enseignement en Neurosciences (AIREN). HAMD: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. IQ: intelligence quotient. GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale.