Table 2 Participants’ background characteristics
|  | Total (n = 358) | Direct Channel (n = 212) | Indirect Channel (n = 146) |
|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 218 (61) | 116 (55) | 102 (70) |
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 60.3 ± 11.7 | 64.3 ± 11.7 | 54.6 ± 9.5 |
BMI (%, mean ± SD) | 25.5 ± 5.2 | 24.7 ± 4.6 | 26.8 ± 5.8 |
Diabetes duration (years, mean ± SD) | 12.2 ± 8.9 | 12.7 ± 9.6 | 11.4 ± 7.8 |
Number of medications (mean ± SD) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
Insulin use, n (%) | 78 (22) | 54 (26) | 24 (17) |
Hypoglycemia (within past year), n (%) | 85 (24) | 55 (26) | 30 (21) |
Drug-related side effects, n (%) | 84 (23) | 50 (24) | 34 (23) |
Diabetes patients in family, n (%) | 177 (50) | 115 (55) | 62 (42) |
TCI-HA score (mean ± SD)a) | 59.6 ± 13.4 | 58.1 ± 14.0 | 61.7 ± 12.4 |
TCI-SD score (mean ± SD)b) | 56.6 ± 10.0 | 59.4 ± 9.6 | 53.0 ± 9.6 |
MMAS-8 score (mean ± SD)c) | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.7 |
HbA1c level, % (mean ± SD) | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.2 ± 1.1 |