Group1 | Group2 | Group3 | Group4 | p-valuea | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Gender | male | 45 | 68.2 | 13 | 76.5 | 40 | 69.0 | 12 | 66.7 | 0.917 |
female | 21 | 31.8 | 4 | 23.5 | 18 | 31.0 | 6 | 33.3 | ||
Age (year) | median | 68 | (10.3) | 65 | (11.6) | 69 | (10.7) | 60 | (13.6) | 0.011* |
[range] | [34–88] | [32–76] | [42–88] | [35–83] | ||||||
BMI | median [range] | 23.4 [15.2–34.8] | 23.5 [15.9–29.6] | 24.7 [18.6–34.0] | 26.2 [17.7–32.7] | 0.014* | ||||
Diabetes duration (year) | median [range] | 15 [0–53] | 10 [1–25] | 11 [0–55] | 10 [1–25] | 0.270 | ||||
HbA1c (%) | median [range] | 7.0 [4.4–9.2] | 7.4 [5.6–10.0] | 6.9 [5.9–10.6] | 7.4 [5.8–9.9] | 0.111 | ||||
Diabetes history of relatives of Relatives | yes | 45 | 68.2 | 10 | 58.8 | 24 | 41.4 | 9 | 50.0 | 0.026* |
no | 21 | 31.8 | 7 | 41.2 | 34 | 58.6 | 9 | 50.0 | ||
Complications | Diabetic retinopathy | 8 | 12.1 | 1 | 5.9 | 5 | 8.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.419 |
Nephropathy | 4 | 6.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 10.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.264 | |
Neuropathy | 8 | 12.1 | 3 | 17.6 | 5 | 8.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.316 | |
Heart disease | 12 | 18.2 | 1 | 5.9 | 4 | 6.9 | 1 | 5.6 | 0.150 | |
none | 41 | 62.1 | 12 | 70.6 | 37 | 63.8 | 17 | 88.9 | 0.176 | |
Therapy | Exercise therapy | 22 | 33.3 | 5 | 29.4 | 18 | 31.0 | 7 | 38.9 | 0.923 |
Dietary Therapy | 29 | 43.9 | 10 | 58.8 | 25 | 43.1 | 7 | 38.9 | 0.638 | |
Insulin therapy | 20 | 30.3 | 8 | 47.1 | 18 | 31.0 | 8 | 44.4 | 0.424 | |
Number of medications | median [range] | 5 [5.6–10.0] | 5 [1–13] | 5 [1–15] | 6 [2–11] | 0.849 | ||||
Number of doses per day | median [range] | 9 [1–28] | 7 [1–23] | 8 [0–50] | 8 [2–20] | 0.543 | ||||
Diabetes knowledge | average (SD) [range] | 10.5 (2.9) [0–16] | 10 (2.1) [5–13] | 9.0 (4.0) [0–15] | 9.3 (3.3) [0–14] | 0.321 | ||||
Patient’s perception | Factor 1. Feeling of inferiority | 2.9 (2.3) [0–8] | 2.9 (2.0) [0–6.6] | 3.1 (2.4) [0–10] | 3.8 (2.3) [0–8] | 0.515 | ||||
Factor 2. Living a tidy life | 7.5 (1.8) [3–10] | 6.6 (1.2) [5–9] | 6.8 (2.3) [0–10] | 5.6 (2.4) [1–9.33] | 0.012* | |||||
Factor 3. Feeling of restriction | 5.3 (1.9) [0.8–9] | 5.9 (1.7) [1–7.8] | 5.0 (1.9) [0.2–8] | 4.8 (1.9) [1–7.4] | 0.209 | |||||
Factor 4. Feeling miserable | 5.3 (2.1) [0–9.33] | 5.4 (1.8) [2.33–9.33] | 5.4 (2.3) [0–10] | 5.1 (2.0) [1.67–9] | 0.980 | |||||
Factor 5. Feeling of getting into trouble | 4.0 (2.2) [0–9.33] | 4.2 (1.7) [0.83–7] | 3.9 (1.7) [0.5–9.67] | 3.1 (1.6) [0–6.33] | 0.282 | |||||
Factor 6. Feeling of overindulgence | 6.7 (1.9) [0–10] | 6.2 (1.7) [4–10] | 6.0 (1.9) [0.67–9.33] | 5.4 (1.9) [2.33–9] | 0.044* | |||||
Factor 7. Feeling of portentous | 6.4 (1.8) [2–10] | 7.3 (1.4) [4.33–10] | 6.5 (2.3) [0.67–10] | 5.9 (1.9) [2–9] | 0.181 |