Table 3 Reduced drugs and improved adverse drug reactions due to pharmacist interventions for cancer patients who used opioids
n | (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Pharmacological categories of drugs reduced by pharmacist recommendations | |||
Antiemetics | 161 | (44.8) | |
Gastrointestinal medications | 141 | (39.3) | |
Hypnotic sedatives | 103 | (28.7) | |
Analgesics | 102 | (28.4) | |
Laxatives | 72 | (20.1) | |
Antipsychotics | 51 | (14.2) | |
Other | 43 | (12.0) | |
Reduced drugs in each pharmacological category (multiple answers from options) | |||
Antiemetics | Dopamine receptor antagonists | 119 | (33.1) |
Prokinetic agents | 79 | (22.0) | |
Antihistaminic agents | 20 | (5.6) | |
Other | 2 | (0.6) | |
Gastrointestinal medications | Histamine H2 receptor blockers | 69 | (19.2) |
Proton pump inhibitors | 48 | (13.4) | |
Gastric antacids | 37 | (10.3) | |
Prostaglandin analogs | 16 | (4.5) | |
Other | 30 | (8.4) | |
Hypnotic sedatives | Benzodiazepines | 103 | (28.7) |
Non-benzodiazepines | 31 | (8.6) | |
Analgesics | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 60 | (16.7) |
Analgesic adjuvants | 40 | (11.1) | |
Opioids | 32 | (8.9) | |
Acetaminophen | 22 | (6.1) | |
Laxatives | Salt-based laxative | 49 | (13.6) |
Peroral stimulative laxatives | 25 | (7.0) | |
Enema clysters | 6 | (1.7) | |
Small intestine irritant laxative | 3 | (0.8) | |
Other | 3 | (0.8) | |
Antipsychotics | Typical antipsychotics | 51 | (14.2) |
Atypical antipsychotics | 32 | (8.9) | |
Others | Hypertensives | 14 | (3.9) |
Vitamins | 8 | (2.2) | |
Antidiabetics | 5 | (1.4) | |
Chinese herbal medicine | 4 | (1.1) | |
Medication for intestinal disorders | 4 | (1.1) | |
Drugs to facilitate urination via the bladder | 4 | (1.1) | |
Drugs for high cholesterol | 4 | (1.1) | |
Cardiovascular drugs | 2 | (0.6) | |
Cold medicines | 2 | (0.6) | |
Anticoagulants | 2 | (0.6) | |
Steroids | 2 | (0.6) | |
External medicine | 2 | (0.6) | |
Antihyperuricemics | 2 | (0.6) | |
Diuretics | 1 | (0.3) | |
Antibiotics | 1 | (0.3) | |
Antiasthmatic drugs | 1 | (0.3) | |
Antiepileptic drugs | 1 | (0.3) | |
Antidementia drugs | 1 | (0.3) | |
Antivirals | 1 | (0.3) | |
Anticancer drugs | 1 | (0.3) | |
Infusion fluid | 1 | (0.3) | |
Other | 2 | (0.6) | |
Symptoms improved due to pharmacist interventions (free multiple answers) | |||
Extrapyramidal symptoms | 100 | (27.9) | |
Delirium | 49 | (13.6) | |
Sleepiness | 36 | (10.0) | |
Constipation | 20 | (5.6) | |
Renal dysfunction | 18 | (5.0) | |
Dizziness | 16 | (4.5) | |
Nausea and vomiting | 14 | (3.9) | |
Electrolyte abnormalities | 11 | (3.1) | |
Sleep disorders | 7 | (1.9) | |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 7 | (1.9) | |
Hypotension | 6 | (1.7) | |
Liver dysfunction | 4 | (1.1) | |
Hypoglycemia | 3 | (0.8) | |
Bleeding | 3 | (0.8) | |
Myasthenia gravis | 2 | (0.6) | |
Edema | 2 | (0.6) | |
Tiredness | 1 | (0.3) | |
Dehydration | 1 | (0.3) | |
Disturbance of consciousness | 1 | (0.3) | |
Dysuria | 1 | (0.3) | |
Leukopenia | 1 | (0.3) | |
Aspiration | 1 | (0.3) | |
Sedation | 1 | (0.3) | |
Stomatitis | 1 | (0.3) | |
Hyperglycemia | 1 | (0.3) | |
Respiratory depression | 2 | (0.6) | |