Fig. 1

The study design. Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAT, COPD Assessment Test, mMRC, modified British Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale; ASK-20, Adherence Starts with Knowledge-20, LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA, long-acting beta 2-agonist; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid