Fig. 1

Concentration versus time, goodness-of-fit plots of the PPK final model, and a visual predictive check for the final model. A Concentration versus time profiles of MPA after administration. B–E Goodness-of-fit plots of the final model. B Scatter plots of observed concentrations versus individual predicted concentrations. C Observed concentrations versus population-predicted concentrations. D Conditional weighted residuals versus time since the dose. E Conditional weighted residuals versus population-predicted concentrations. F Prediction-corrected visual predictive check for the final model, where blue circles indicate observed concentrations, red lines represent the observed median and 5th and 95th percentiles, and shaded regions indicate 90% CIs for the simulations (orange regions indicate median, while blue regions indicate the 5th and 95th percentiles)