Table 1 Proportions of antipsychotic prescriptions by year (including patients with developmental disabilities)
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | |||||||||
All patients | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 1612 | 1712 | 1650 | 1602 | 1595 | 1469 | 1425 | 1441 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 78.3 | 78.5 | 75.6 | 76.7 | 75.3 | 73.3 | 73.1 | 76.9 | < 0.001 |
Risperidone, % | 47.9 | 46.5 | 44.8 | 43.4 | 41.4 | 42.2 | 38.7 | 36.7 | < 0.001 |
Aripiprazole, % | 21.2 | 26.3 | 27.2 | 29.5 | 29.7 | 29.0 | 30.8 | 35.9 | < 0.001 |
Quetiapine, % | 5.3 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 0.052 |
Olanzapine, % | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 0.07 |
Haloperidol, % | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.1 | < 0.001 |
Sulpiride, % | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.002 |
Levomepromazine, % | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.64 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Perospirone, % | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.45 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.20 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.07 |
Zotepine, % | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.92 |
Paliperidone, % | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.05 |
Blonanserin, % | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.85 |
Asenapine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.02 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.81 |
Clozapine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.96 |
Sultopride, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.55 |
Fluphenazine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.82 |
Bromperidol, % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.25 |
0–4 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 44 | 38 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 27 | 25 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 84.1 | 73.7 | 61.3 | 75.0 | 64.3 | 75.0 | 66.7 | 60.0 | 0.06 |
Aripiprazole, % | 15.9 | 18.4 | 25.8 | 28.6 | 21.4 | 25.0 | 25.9 | 32.0 | 0.12 |
Risperidone, % | 70.5 | 55.3 | 38.7 | 50.0 | 46.4 | 58.3 | 40.7 | 32.0 | 0.01 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.57 |
Quetiapine, % | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.34 |
Haloperidol, % | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.49 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.65 |
Levomepromazine, % | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.19 |
5–12 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 831 | 887 | 847 | 799 | 744 | 615 | 553 | 549 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 80.0 | 78.4 | 77.8 | 77.6 | 74.5 | 74.1 | 73.2 | 79.6 | 0.02 |
Aripiprazole, % | 23.3 | 30.0 | 31.1 | 34.4 | 35.5 | 34.8 | 36.2 | 43.4 | < 0.001 |
Risperidone, % | 55.6 | 51.6 | 50.9 | 48.6 | 43.8 | 46.2 | 44.7 | 42.8 | < 0.001 |
Quetiapine, % | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 0.36 |
Haloperidol, % | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.01 |
Olanzapine, % | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.01 |
Levomepromazine, % | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.06 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.15 |
Sulpiride, % | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.53 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.20 |
Perospirone, % | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.11 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
Paliperidone, % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Blonanserin, % | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.28 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.40 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.69 |
13–18 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 737 | 787 | 772 | 775 | 823 | 830 | 845 | 867 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 76.1 | 78.9 | 73.8 | 75.9 | 76.4 | 72.7 | 73.1 | 75.7 | 0.08 |
Risperidone, % | 43.0 | 46.9 | 43.3 | 43.9 | 43.4 | 42.8 | 38.2 | 37.6 | < 0.001 |
Aripiprazole, % | 21.2 | 25.0 | 24.4 | 27.9 | 28.9 | 28.0 | 30.8 | 35.5 | < 0.001 |
Quetiapine, % | 9.0 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 0.91 |
Olanzapine, % | 8.0 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 0.40 |
Sulpiride, % | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 0.02 |
Levomepromazine, % | 3.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.55 |
Haloperidol, % | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 0.002 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | < 0.001 |
Perospirone, % | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.40 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.06 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.002 |
Zotepine, % | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.68 |
Paliperidone, % | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.01 |
Blonanserin, % | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.24 |
Asenapine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.052 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.45 |
Clozapine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.72 |
Sultopride, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.48 |
Fluphenazine, % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.71 |
Bromperidol, % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.17 |
Females | |||||||||
All patients | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 796 | 854 | 814 | 860 | 900 | 956 | 1079 | 1208 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 77.1 | 75.9 | 72.2 | 75.5 | 73.9 | 73.8 | 76.9 | 76.4 | 0.67 |
Aripiprazole, % | 21.6 | 24.9 | 27.4 | 28.7 | 30.9 | 29.8 | 34.4 | 35.6 | < 0.001 |
Risperidone, % | 38.6 | 38.1 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 32.2 | 32.4 | 28.2 | 24.8 | < 0.001 |
Quetiapine, % | 16.3 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.5 | 19.5 | 18.1 | 0.002 |
Olanzapine, % | 7.2 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 0.46 |
Sulpiride, % | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 4.6 | < 0.001 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 4.3 | < 0.001 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Levomepromazine, % | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.98 |
Perospirone, % | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.44 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.51 |
Blonanserin, % | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.28 |
Haloperidol, % | 2.9 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Asenapine, % | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.14 |
Paliperidone, % | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.07 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.50 |
Zotepine, % | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.06 |
Pipamperone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.001 |
Oxypertine, % | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.10 |
Clozapine, % | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.08 |
Fluphenazine, % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.04 |
Bromperidol, % | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.10 |
0–4 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 15 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 73.3 | 81.3 | 62.5 | 58.3 | 60.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 63.6 | 0.15 |
Risperidone, % | 46.7 | 50.0 | 43.8 | 41.7 | 40.0 | 37.5 | 25.0 | 54.5 | 0.69 |
Aripiprazole, % | 26.7 | 18.8 | 25.0 | 33.3 | 50.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 18.2 | 0.45 |
Quetiapine, % | 0.0 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 20.0 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.66 |
Sulpiride, % | 0.0 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.38 |
Haloperidol, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.19 |
5–12 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 231 | 264 | 230 | 233 | 242 | 231 | 218 | 239 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 79.7 | 74.6 | 73.0 | 75.1 | 75.2 | 68.8 | 77.1 | 81.2 | 0.75 |
Aripiprazole, % | 24.2 | 27.7 | 28.3 | 24.5 | 28.1 | 25.1 | 35.3 | 39.7 | < 0.001 |
Risperidone, % | 50.6 | 45.1 | 43.9 | 49.8 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 39.4 | 36.8 | 0.004 |
Quetiapine, % | 9.1 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 0.72 |
Olanzapine, % | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 0.001 |
Sulpiride, % | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.53 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.90 |
Haloperidol, % | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 0.36 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Blonanserin, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.03 |
Perospirone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.01 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.03 |
Levomepromazine, % | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.67 |
Paliperidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.03 |
Fluphenazine, % | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.28 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.27 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.01 |
13–18 years | |||||||||
Patients with schizophrenia, n | 550 | 574 | 568 | 615 | 648 | 717 | 853 | 958 | |
Prescriptions for any antipsychotic, % | 76.2 | 76.3 | 72.2 | 75.9 | 73.6 | 75.7 | 77.1 | 75.4 | 0.67 |
Aripiprazole, % | 22.0 | 25.4 | 27.8 | 31.1 | 32.6 | 32.8 | 35.5 | 35.3 | < 0.001 |
Risperidone, % | 34.9 | 36.9 | 31.5 | 30.4 | 28.4 | 30.0 | 26.1 | 23.0 | < 0.001 |
Quetiapine, % | 20.0 | 18.3 | 18.0 | 19.7 | 20.1 | 21.2 | 22.5 | 20.7 | 0.07 |
Olanzapine, % | 10.0 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 6.7 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 0.29 |
Sulpiride, % | 3.3 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 5.4 | < 0.001 |
Lurasidone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 5.3 | < 0.001 |
Brexpiprazole, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.7 | < 0.001 |
Perospirone, % | 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.09 |
Levomepromazine, % | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.57 |
Chlorpromazine, % | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.97 |
Blonanserin, % | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.03 |
Haloperidol, % | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Asenapine, % | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.24 |
Paliperidone, % | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
Prochlorperazine, % | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.82 |
Zotepine, % | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.03 |
Pipamperone, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.21 |
Propericiazine, % | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Oxypertine, % | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.09 |
Clozapine, % | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.06 |
Fluphenazine, % | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.03 |
Bromperidol, % | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.09 |